|
|
Interactions between gut microorganisms and brain
Fajstová, Alena ; Pácha, Jiří (advisor) ; Hock, Miroslav (referee)
Intestinal microbiota communicates with brain via various cooperating pathways including neuronal, endocrine and immune. Pathogenic and commensal bacteria produce great amounts of neurotransmitters and various other metabolites which can interact with brain. Presence of bacteria can also induce immune system response which can influence brain through cytokines and other mediators. Last but not least the communication can be mediated through nerves, especially the vagus nerve. The brain can influence the intestines through sympathic and parasympathic efferent nerves and through hormones. Gut colonization by nonpathogenic commensal bacteria is crucial for proper brain development. If this doesn't happen in certain period psychiatric disorders such as depression or autism can occur later in life. Various pathological conditions might be ameliorated or fully reversed by administration of probiotic bacteria. Aim of this thesis is to briefly review factors influencing gut microbiota, its influence on the brain development and the role of probiotics in the therapy of intestinal and psychiatric diseases. Keywords: gut microbiome, brain, neuroendocrine regulation, probiotic, neurotransmitter
|
|
|
Interactions between gut microorganisms and brain
Fajstová, Alena ; Pácha, Jiří (advisor) ; Hock, Miroslav (referee)
Intestinal microbiota communicates with brain via various cooperating pathways including neuronal, endocrine and immune. Pathogenic and commensal bacteria produce great amounts of neurotransmitters and various other metabolites which can interact with brain. Presence of bacteria can also induce immune system response which can influence brain through cytokines and other mediators. Last but not least the communication can be mediated through nerves, especially the vagus nerve. The brain can influence the intestines through sympathic and parasympathic efferent nerves and through hormones. Gut colonization by nonpathogenic commensal bacteria is crucial for proper brain development. If this doesn't happen in certain period psychiatric disorders such as depression or autism can occur later in life. Various pathological conditions might be ameliorated or fully reversed by administration of probiotic bacteria. Aim of this thesis is to briefly review factors influencing gut microbiota, its influence on the brain development and the role of probiotics in the therapy of intestinal and psychiatric diseases. Keywords: gut microbiome, brain, neuroendocrine regulation, probiotic, neurotransmitter
|
|
|
Effect of early stress on neuroendocrine regulation, behavior and immnunity
Langová, Veronika ; Vodička, Martin (advisor) ; Buchtová, Helena (referee)
Levels of initial hormones of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and arginin-vasopressin, can be altered in adulthood with a context of early-life stress. The effect can be stronger after an acute stress. Some authors suggest that higher levels can be caused by hypomethylation of that genes promotors. High level of default hormones often results in high concentration of corticosterone. Higher concentration of corticosterone in blood can also be supported by a lower level of transcortine, which has been observed in adulthood after a prenatal malnutrition. Locally in tisues is the concentration of corticosterone regulated by 2 types of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. Hyperreactivity of HPA axis can cause an anxiety-like behavior. Anxiety-like behavior is regulated by binding CRH to its receptors. Mice with knockouted gene of the first type receptor (CRHR1) shows generally less anxiety-like behavior. Conversely, some author say that binding CRH to its second type receptor (CRHR2) can inhibit an anxiety-like behavior. Prenatally stressed males show increased expression of CRHR1, prenatally stressed females show reduced expression of CRHR2. Early- life stressed animals also shows a depression-like behavior. It can be related to the presence of some pro-...
|
guest ::
